Parturition is the normal physiological
phenomenon in which female delivers the baby after completion of
gestation period but if it is abnormal or difficult or obstructed
parturition then it is called dystocia.
Economic Losses by
Dystocia:
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It increases still birth rate
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It increases the dam mortality rate
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It decreases the reproductive and productive performance of dam.
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It decreases the subsequent fertility
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It increases the risk of diseases during
puerperal period
Causes of Dystocia
The
problem may be on either mother side or fetal side
Maternal Causes of Dystocia:
There are two factors; expulsive force and birth passage. So problem
can be with expulsive force or birth canal.
Uterine Causes:
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In uterus there may be primary or secondary inertia
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General weakness or poor body score will lead to lower uterine
contraction.
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Fatty infiltration of liver
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Systemic illness
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Hereditary causes as more chances in beef breeds
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Chemical deficiency e.g. Ca, P
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Hormonal deficiency
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Premature birth; weak repulsive force
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Environmental factor
Birth Canal Causes:
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Inadequate pelvis or insufficient dilation.
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Inadequate pelvis is due to early mating, fracture, breed
difference, general diseases, poor diet, and bone developmental
diseases.
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Insufficient dilation is due to uterine tortion i.e. partial
tortion (90o) or complete torsion (180 o);
poor receptor response due to infection or systemic illness; and
cervical disease like cervical tumour, cervical cyst, fibrosis,
cystocoele, and abscess.
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Persistent hymen; hymen can hinder expulsion of fetus.
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Persistant vaginal septum it narrows the passage.
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Fetal Causes of Dystokia
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Breed difference
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Prolong gestation. In last days of term there is 0.4-0.6 Kg
increase in weight per day. It will cause increase in weight of
fetus.
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Development defects in fetus e.g. twins, fused or duplicated
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fetal ascites i.e. accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity
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Fetal anasarca (subcutaneous fluid accumulation, there will be
overall swelling)
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Fetal hydrocephalus (frontal bones become soft due to
accumulation of water), delivery is possible by giving incision
on forehead and evacuation of fluid and then keep hand on
incision so that bones of head do not rupture the vagina because
fusion is incomplete.
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Faulty presentation, position and posture of fetus.
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Upward, downward and lateral deviation of head
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Knee flexion (unilateral or bilateral)
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In posterior presentation (hock flexion)
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Hip flexion
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Fetal death
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Carpal flexion in case of anterior presentation
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Foot nape (presence of one or both legs on the upper side of
head)
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Rye neck full flexion of neck. More chances in equines
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